Critical Analysis of the Skull Beneath the Skin Essay

It could be said that The Skull beneath the Skin is quite typical of the crime genre, however P.D. James has somewhat subverted the genre. The novel incorporates a combination of Intuitionist, Realist and Hard Boiled styles of crime fiction. Usually crime novels fall into one of the three afore mentioned styles. Although obviously an Intuitionist or classically styled crime novel, Skull beneath the Skins as I have previously stated incorporates all three creating a unique novel while still following the traditions and conventions of the crime genre. This can be seen from this essay reference will be made to setting, dialogue, characterisation, dramatic irony, humour, narrative structure and the conventions of crime fiction. Setting is a†¦show more content†¦The reader is presented with a group of characters all struggling with troubled lives. Following the strictures of the Intuitionist text this serves the purpose of making all characters a suspect in the inevitable murder investigation. The reader is introduced to three main stereotypes throughout Skull beneath the Skin; the detective, the victim and the murderer/ villain. The detective in the Shull beneath the Skin Cordelia Gray is typical of the intuitionist text. Cordelia is not perfect but she seems to be morally better than all those around her in particular the occupants of Courcey Island. This particular trait makes her the ‘Goodie’ in the reader’s eyes. She is clever and apt at seeing through the deceptions around her. However she hides this behind a somewhat dithering exterior to make her job at Courcey Island less conspicuous. Also introduced in the novel is the character of Clarissa Lisle the victim. True to the Intuitionist style Clarissa is immoral and a completely despicable character who the reader cannot like at all. This puts more intrigue into the murder investigation because with such a nasty victim many people could have reason to want her dead. In this case almost everyone on Courcey Island has felt the bitter edge of Clarissa Lisle. The last major character stereotype that the novel S.B.T.S includes is the murderer/criminal. Generally as the name suggests the criminal is the person whoShow MoreRelatedHuman Body Systems Outline7161 Words   |  29 Pagesin your blood. Skeletal System Functions * Its 206 bones form a rigid framework to which the softer tissues and organs of the body are attached. * Vital organs are protected by the skeletal system. The brain is protected by the surrounding skull as the heart and lungs are encased by the sternum and rib cage. * Bodily movement is carried out by the interaction of the muscular and skeletal systems. For this reason, they are often grouped together as the musculo-skeletal system. Muscles areRead MoreChild Abuse3642 Words   |  15 Pagesobjectives on an enterprise level as well as department/ product/ domain level are clear. This clarity provides objectivity in further performance management. Symptoms of abuse may be overt or silent, and signs of physical abuse are often hidden beneath clothing. Children who are physically abused often explain their injuries by saying I fell, or may even respond to questioning by saying, I dont know (Cicchetti et al, 2010). The parent or caregiver may attribute bruises or even broken bonesRead MoreHuman Anatomy lab answers Essay12661 Words   |  51 PagesExercise 8 Connective Tissues 12 Exercise 9 Muscle and Nervous Tissues 13 Integumentary System Exercise 10 Integumentary System 14 Skeletal System Exercise 11 Structure of Bone 16 Exercise 12 Organization of the Skeleton 17 Exercise 13 The Skull 18 Exercise 14 Vertebral Column and Thoracic Cage 20 Exercise 15 Pectoral Girdle and Upper Limb 22 Exercise 16 Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limb 24 Exercise 17 The Joints 26 Muscular System Exercise 18 Skeletal Muscle Structure 27 ExerciseRead MoreArchaeology Notes19985 Words   |  80 Pagescrests in the case of males.   They also had much larger back teeth (premolars and molars) and smaller front ones (incisors) Stratigraphy is the study of the distribution of layers in a soil Supraorbital torus or the brow ridge on the front of the skull Taphonomy is the study of what happens to organism from the time they die to their discovery is used. This approach may include both the biological and geological processes. Tephrostratigraphy the identification of volcanic ash by its chemical fingerprintRead MoreSocm Study Guide Essay30404 Words   |  122 Pagesthe organ systems of the body and the major components of each system. 1. Integumentary system: * Cutaneous membrane (layers of skin) * Hair follicles * Hair * Sebaceous glands * Sweat glands * Nails * Sensory Receptors 2. Skeletal System: * Bones (s06), Cartilages, ligaments * Axial skeleton – skull, vertebrae, sacrum, rib s, sternum * Appendicular skeleton – limbs and supporting bones * Bone Marrow 3. Muscular System: Read MoreCRM 1301 Midterm uOttawa Carolyn Gordon Essay10218 Words   |  41 Pagesï » ¿The Demonic Perspective Trephining Individual who were having illusions or were delusional had a hole drilled in their skull in order to get rid of the spirits. If that person was still alive, the procedure was successful Witchcraft Correlated with ‘The Crucible’ where Tituba, Sarah Good Sarah Osborne are accused of witchcraft in Salem, 1692 What to do with the witches?! Exodus 22:18- Thou shalt not suffer a witch to live Leviticus   20:27- A man also or woman that hath a familiar spiritRead MoreBhopal Gas Disaster84210 Words   |  337 Pageshas found no time to meet us, despite getting two months notice.† All three sons of 50-yearold Shahida Bee are suffering from physical disorders. My first son fell ill when he was eight years old. My second son was born dead and with a half-formed skull. All the kids in our family are physically retarded,† said Shahida, a resident of Blue Moon colony in Bhopal. Explaining that they are forced to use the contaminated tubewell water because of scarcity of water, the children in the area are developing

The Violation Of The Fourth Amendment - 3158 Words

Many years ago, the United States Constitution was created as a guideline for the newly formed government to run this country as well as secure protection rights of all citizens. Since then, there have been many incidents that question the violation of citizens’ rights under the Constitution, such as the violation of the fourth amendment which protects citizens from unreasonable searches and seizures especially in the school system and on college campuses. The fourth amendment states, â€Å"The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by Oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized† (O’Brien, 2014). As this pertains to those citizens who are students, whether it be in the primary, secondary, or post-secondary setting, the questio n that unveils itself is whether or not students are entitled to their constitutional rights, in this case, the fourth amendment’s rights, while in the school environment. Such actions that may violate a student’s constitutional rights as a citizen would be an administrator or school law enforcement searching a student or their personal belongings for unjustified reasons while in school. The boundaries of the fourth amendment are very complicated when dealing with the rights of students being that the school systems haveShow MoreRelatedThe Violation Of Fourth Amendment844 Words   |  4 PagesIn this case there are a few issues on appeal raised by Sitz. One of the issues was did the checkpoint violate the Fourth Amendment and did it forbid the balancing test. Another issue was that did it actually fail the effectiveness part of the Brown test. Furthermore, the issue of did the sobriety checkpoint which is permitted by the United States Constitution, violate the Michigan State Constitution (supreme.justia.com n.d). There was also issues of did the sobriety checkpoint have a very high orRead MoreIs Government Surveillance a Violation of the Fourt h Amendment1245 Words   |  5 Pages arguably, the key technology to preventing terrorist plots (Eijkman 1). Government surveillance is a rising global controversy; and, although minimal coverage could possibly result in safer communities, too much surveillance will result in the violation of citizen’s privacy. Undeniably, there is reasoning behind a watchful government. After 9/11, anti-terrorism acts were in high gear and legislators passed the Patriot Act, which increased the amount of surveillance powers that the government heldRead MoreDrug Testing is a Violation of the Fourth Amendment Essay2456 Words   |  10 Pagesrecipients or federal contractors to maintain drug-free workplaces. Most of the employers set up voluntary testing programs and many employees began to sue, claiming that individual testing is a violation of privacy rights (Horgan, 21). The argument is that the employees are being deprived of their Fourth Amendment protection (22). Many believe that government testing programs should be unconstitutional unless the authorities have either reasonable suspicion or probable cause that the individualsRead MoreThe Fourth Amendment And The Violation Of Power By The British Crown And Its Officers1826 Words   |  8 PagesThe Fourth Amendment was the result of the abuse of power by the British crown and its officers. Writs of assistance in the form of general warrants were issued at will to search and seize whatever officers wanted without legal grounds. These flagrant disregards of the colonist’s privacy along with other abuses were the impetuses that lead to the American Revolution. After winning independence, the United States Constitution and the Bill of Rights emerged. Later the ratification of the FourthRead MoreThe Issue Of Concern : Warrantless Gps Devices A Violation Of The Fourth Amendment1129 Words   |  5 Pagescitizens of USA. Somewhere along the lines, a few forget the oath and end up vio lating some of those rights. This paper present a few violations of rights under the US Constitution scenario; furthermore, it will also attempt to explain the outcomes. First Issue of concern: Warrantless GPS Devices a violation of the Fourth Amendment Summary of Facts Despite not obtaining a warrant or following instructions from the Sheriff to hold off, Officer Renegade placedRead MoreThe Fourth Amendment : Historical Conception, Key Elements, Legalities, And Violations1221 Words   |  5 PagesAbstract The Fourth Amendment has two basic premises. One focuses on the reasonableness of a search and seizure, and the other on warrants. One view is that the two are distinct, while another view is that the second helps explain the first. However, which interpretation is correct is unclear. In addition, law enforcement today differs sharply from the period in which the Constitution s framers lived. During that period, no organized police forces existed that were even remotely like those of todayRead Morevirginia v morre Essay1248 Words   |  5 Pagesdriving on a suspended license. This violation could have lead to chubbs serving a 1-year in jail and a $25,000 fine, according to Va Code Ann 18.2-11. The officers then searched the vehicle in which chubbs was driving. During the search of the vehicle the officers found 16 grams of crack cocaine and $516 in cash. The state law of Virginia states that the officers should have offered Moore a summons rather than arresting him. The statutes of the Fourth Amendment give the officers the right to searchRead MoreEssay about The Exclusionary Rule620 Words   |  3 Pagesenforceable remedies imposed on the government for violations of those rights. In 1914, the U.S. Supreme Court, in the landmark case of Weeks v. United States,2 introduced the exclusionary rule as a remedy for violations of the Fourth Amendment.3 The Weeks Court felt that the only effective way to enforce the Fourth Amendment right to be secure from unreasonable searches and seizures was to adopt a rule that evidence seized in violation of the Fourth Amendment could not be used by the government againstRead MoreThe Fourth Amendment Of The Constitution1107 Words   |  5 PagesThe Fourth Amendment of the Constitution was ratified in 1791 and is an important amendment in the Bill of Rights. The Fourth Amendment is â€Å"the right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no Warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by Oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized† (Charles Wetterer). The issueRead MoreThe Transportation security Administration (TSA) is Violating the Fourth Amendment536 Words   |  3 Pages The Fourth Amendment is rather specific in its wording:    â€Å"The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized† (www.law.cornell.edu).    The importance of this amendment is for all citizens to be able to protect their

Comparision Between Dutch Lady Cash Flows free essay sample

Because the most important category of cash flow is operating activity and t reflects the day-to-day operations that determine the future of an organization . ash flow from operating activities should be main source of cash. Net cash used in investing activities: Net cash used in investing activities has increased from 2008 to 2009. for 2008,this amount is 14,756,000 RM but for 2009,this amount is 29,436,000 which indicates company has gain more long-term asset in 2009. Net cash used in financing activities: For 2009, this amount RM and for 2008 this amount RM. it ndicates that in 2009, company paid more interest and dividend in comparison with 2008. Generally, cash and cash equivalent has increased from 2008 to 2009 by 17,940,000 RM. Cash flow of Dutch Lady Milk Berhad is healthy because main source of cash is operation activity and investing activities did not create cash which indicate company did not sell of its long-term assets. Analysis cash flow of Dutch lady milk industries Berhad in 2008 and 2009 Finance strategy Mohammad Hashemi Joo 1091200372

Boeing 747 Essay Example

Boeing 747 Essay . Please use the capital asset pricing model to estimate the cost of equity. b. Which equity market risk premium (EMRP) did you use? Why? c. What Beta did you use and how did you derive it? d. Which risk-free rate did you use? Why? e. Which capital-structure weights did you use? Why? 2. Judged against your WACC, how attractive is the Boeing 7E7 project? f. Under what circumstances is the project economically attractive? g. What does sensitivity analysis (your own and/or that shown in the case) reveal about the nature of Boeing’s gamble on the 7E7? 3. Should the board approve the 7E7? Management Summary The analysis identifies both risks and benefits associated with undertaking the 7E7 project. Giving a calculated WAAC of 15. 44% for the commercial division of Boeing, the project is feasible and profitable. As you will find, the financial calculations provided in this report show that the project will increase the wealth of the shareholders, also identifying the associated risks and how those could be minimized. Assuming the development costs are correctly estimated and the market response is properly gauged, the reasons to go forward with the project outweigh those against it. The market competition corroborated with the unfavorable economic conditions prompt a swift and decisive answer from Boeing. The new 7E7 will have lower operating costs due to increased cargo space and increased fuel economy due to new engine design, would also be versatile and suitable for both short and long flight routes. We will write a custom essay sample on Boeing 747 specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Boeing 747 specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Boeing 747 specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Ensuring the development and manufacturing costs are kept down by employing decades of engineering expertise and already proven technologies and solutions, it is recommended that Boeing undertakes the 7E7 project. Cost of Equity The 7E7 Project is a risky project. With a beta of 2. 540738, which is substantially higher than the stock market average company, volatility is expected in this investment. However, with risk comes a reward. The 7E7 project would need to provide returns of 22. 7009% in order to be considered a sound investment. E(Ri) = . 0456+ 2. 40738 [. 117 . 0456] E(Ri) = . 0456+ 2. 540738 [. 0714] E = 22. 7009% Equity Market Risk Premium The equity market risk premium should equal the return expected by investors on a market portfolio relative to riskless assets. We have decided to use the 30-Year Treasury Bond as the risk free return because it most closely mimics the time horizon of the 7E7 project. The expected rate of return of a market portfolio of stocks is estima ted at 11. 7%. This is the estimate used by Brealey and Meyers, and is comprised of total market returns from 1900-2006. Therefore the equity market risk premium is equal to 7. 14%. (11. 7% 4. 56% = 7. 14%) Beta Risk is inherent in the economy and equity markets and the 60 trading day Boeing BetaEquity calculated against the Samp;P 500 Index would be a most accurate predictor of future risk. Due to the length of the Boeing project, at first glance it would appear a beta calculated using a longer regression period would estimate future returns best. The 60 month beta regression period began June 16, 1998. The 21 month beta period began September 17, 2001. Both ended June 16, 2003. This data is highly skewed due to the events of September 11, 2001 and the subsequent deterioration of the airline industry. In this case, the extended length of the regression period is a detriment to the calculation of future risk. Due to the large beta, investors should expect greater returns than the stock market is providing. See Appendix A. Risk Free Rate US government debt is considered risk free as there is a miniscule chance, very near zero, that the US government will become insolvent. This is therefore the risk free rate that we will use for our calculations. The case gives us the rates of the 3-month Treasury Bill and the 30 year Treasury Bond at 0. 85% and 4. 56% respectively, in June 2003. Since this project has a time horizon on the order of 20-30 years it would be very reasonable to use the 30-year Treasury Bond as the value for the risk free interest rate. Capital Structure Weights The following formula will be used for calculating WACC WACC = (Wdebt)(rd)(1-tc) + (Wequity)(re) * rd – pretax cost of capital, it is considered to be the Yield to Maturity rate for the outstanding 30 years bond that matures 2/15/2033, that being 5. 50%. The cost of equity capital will be calculated using CAPM Risk free rate + Equity Beta * (Expected return on market Risk free rate) E(Ri) = Rf + ? i[E(Rm) Rf] * Expected return on market rate Rm is provided at page 175 in Myers and it is the average nominal return on stocks for the last century, the value is 11. 7% * The debt/equity ratio for Boeing is provided in exhibit 10, 0. 525, from where we can infer the weights of both debt and equity. * The Equity beta for the whole company and for the commercial division is calculated in the appendix. Most of the corporations calculate WACC for giving investors an estimate on profitability and for being able to weight future projects. We are presented with Boeing current bonds, which constitute the long term debt portion of capital, and with Boeing’s assets which constitute the equity portion of capital. No other weighted entities (such as preferred shares) are considered. The debt/equity ratio would help with the calculation of weights. Boeing would need to earn at least 15. 443% return on its investments (including the 7E7 project) in order to maintain the actual share price. Also calculated WACC for the commercial division only, using the equity beta found in appendix. The debt/equity ratio for the commercial division was obtained considering the 46% weight of the defense division, the 0. 41 debt/equity ratio for the defense division from Lockheed and the overall 0. 525 debt ratio for the Boeing portfolio. As expected, the WACC for the commercial division is much higher due to the riskier aspect of this investment that impacts the cost of equity capital. Boeing 7E7 Project Evaluation Circumstances for an economically attractive project The project would be economically attractive if Boeing could sell enough planes in a given time period above a certain price. The hurdle rate, or the internal rate of return that gives the project an NPV of zero is 15. 4% according to our calculations. This means that Boeing would have to sell at least 2,500 airliners in the first 20 years at 0% price premium or greater for this project to increase the wealth of shareholders Market Demand The United States has had some of the lowest passenger numbers in recent history. A reverse of this trend is crucial to reach some of the projected sales numbers that Boeing is counting on. There are several factors to these lower numbers. A decrease in business travel has occurred due to cost and the advance of conferencing technologies. And lastly, the weak economy has vacationers thinking of local destinations instead of traveling abroad. Market Share Boeing’s fiercest competitor is Airbus. It is crucial that the new 7E7 delivers on its promise of lower operating cost. This will help command a larger share of the market. This becomes even more important if the economy doesn’t recover as quickly as we hope. The other aspect of the 7E7’s success is the engineering of an expandable wing. Adding this versatility will give the 7E7 owner more options for travel routes. Sensitivity Analysis The following is the sensitivity analysis of the Boeing project which gives optimistic and pessimistic estimates for the underlying variables of volume and cost of sales. The purpose of the sensitivity analysis is to express cash flows in terms of the variables of this project. Boeing had to determine what the decide what the underlying variables were which in this case happen to be development costs and the per-copy costs to build the 7E7. Based on the above sensitivity analysis it reveals that the nature of Boeing’s gamble on the 7E7 is high. Given the information in the case, they forecast that the development costs would be $8M with a base case assumption of 80% as the percentage of costs of goods sold to sales. This would earn a IRR of 15. 7%, however, if costs were $10M with an 84% assumption this would have an IRR of 8. % or a net change of 7. 1 Therefore, the gamble is high because the development costs not only swing $4M but the IRR also has a great variance of 12. 7 given the best case IRR of 21. 30% and worst case of 8. 6%. Optimistic Best case scenario includes a cost of capital that is lower than expected. We used the rate of 5. 85%. However, if yield to maturity rates are lower than expected, we can lower the WACC. For example, a rate o f 3. 393% would give us a WACC of 14. 83% instead of 15. 44%. Or, let’s say that the riskiness of this project was over calculated. A beta of 2 instead of 2. 54 would give us a WACC of 13. 07% Expected market rate is also another area that may be lower because of the economy. If the market expectations underperform, we can also lower our estimates of cost of capital. For example, we used a market expectation of 11. 7%. A 10% rate gives us a WACC of 12. 78% So, as you can see with some of the above scenarios, the outlook may be better than expected Pessimistic Of course, the flip side is that things don’t go as well as predicted. Let’s say that yield to maturity rates are higher than expected. A 6. 37% rate increases our WACC to 15. 57% Or, riskiness of the project is even higher than expected. A beta of 3 instead of 2. 54 would result in a WACC of 17. 46% Or, if the market outperforms expectations, we could also have a higher cost of capital. Instead of the 11. 7% expected market rate, let’s use 15%. That ups our costs to 20. 61%. The below table summarizes these optimistic and pessimistic vi ews | Yield to Maturity| Beta| Expected Market| WACC| Standard WACC| 5. 85%| 2. 54| 11. 7%| 15. 44%| Optimistic| | | | | Low YTM| 3. 393%| 2. 54| 11. 7%| 14. 83%| Less Risk| 5. 5%| 2| 11. 7%| 13. 07%| Weak Market | 5. 85%| 2. 54| 10%| 12. 78| Pessimistic| | | | | High YTM| 6. 337%| 2. 54| 11. 7%| 15. 57%| More risk| 5. 85%| 3| 11. 7%| 17. 46%| Strong Market| 5. 85%| 2. 54| 15%| 20. 61%| Conclusion Board approval for the project? After carefully considering the risks and benefits of the 7E7project, we recommend that the Board of Directors approve the project. There are, however, inherent risks in this project resulting from the design and materials used. The 7E7 is the first plane to use a carbon body construction and employ wingtip extenders. This will add risk to the project since they have never been used on such a large scale project. The supply chain is very large and spread over the globe. This will lead to challenges managing this network of contractors. There are many part of the plane that are being fully constructed in other countries and then shipped by sea to Boeing’s Seattle facility for final assembly. This will add to the inherent risk of the project if any of these contractors fail to deliver on time. Airbus is a close competitor. They will be coming to market with their new A380 in 2005. This plane will be a formidable competitor to the 7E7. If Boeing falls behind regarding innovation, fuel efficiency and all the other attributes of a long haul airliner they will lose their market share. In order for Boeing to compete in the aviation industry, they must take on some risk and develop this new plane. With the economy so volatile, airlines will be looking for options that reduce their operating costs. The 7E7 will carry more passengers per flight in a fuel efficient manner allowing the airline companies to justify purchasing the plane. The success of the expandable wing will also give the plane attractive versatility. For the project to increase shareholder wealth, Boeing would have to sell at least 2,500 aircraft over a 20-year period while keeping development costs at or below $8 Billion dollars and COGS as a percent of sales at or below 80%. If there are cost overruns then the COGS as a percent of sales must stay at 78% or lower (see Exhibit 9). The equity market risk premium should equal the excess return expected by investors on the market portfolio. In this case it was calculated to be 7. 14%. The weighted average cost of capital (WACC) was calculated to be 15. 443%. Since the projected revenues listed in Exhibit 8 are â€Å"well behaved† we can trust the IRR tables in Exhibit 9. For the project to increase shareholder wealth, the IRR of the project should at least equal the WACC. To achieve this Boeing would have to sell at least 2500 airliners in a 20-year period. Boeing is expecting to reach this unit goal The financial calculations provided in this report show that there is a very good chance that the project will increase the wealth of the shareholders. There are other risks mentioned above that must be considered but on balance the reasons to go forward with the project outweigh those against it. Appendices Appendix A BetaAssetBoeing = WBdd * BetaAssetBdd + WBcad * BetaAssetBcad Samp;P 500 60 trading day estimated BetaEquityBoeing = 1. 45 Market- value debt/equity ratio = 0. 525 BetaAssetBoeing = 1. 45/(1+0. 5252) = 0. 950695 The comparison to Lockheed Martin is the most responsible since we are given the Equity Betas and percentage of revenues derived from government (defense and space). Boeing was awarded $16. 6B in contracts, second only to Lckheed Marin with $17B (case page 235-236). Lockheed Martin is the closest competitor to being a pure Defense contractor, Exhibit 10 indicates 93%, which will help access the best estimate for Beta AssetBdd. Boeing Rev from Defense (WBdd) = 0. 46 Boeing Rev from Commercial Sales (WBcad) = 0. 54 Samp;P 500 60 trading day BetaEquityLM for Lockheed Martin = 0. 34 Debt/equity for Lockheed Martin = 0. 410 BetaAssetBdd = 0. 34/(1+0. 410) = 0. 241135 0. 950695 = (0. 46 X 0. 241135) + 0. 54x 0. 950695 = 0. 051024 +0. 54x 0. 899671 = 0. 54x BetaAssetBcad = 1. 666057 Beta EquityBcad = BetaAssetBcad * (1 + d/e) Beta EquityBcad = 1. 66057 * (1. 525) Beta EquityBcad = 2. 540738

PSAT Score Range Where Do You Rank

PSAT Score Range Where Do You Rank SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Although the PSAT and SAT share many similarities, their score ranges are actually pretty different. Unlike the SAT score range, which has a maximum score of 1600, the PSAT score range only goes up to1520.But why? What are thescore ranges for each PSAT section? Also, canyou use the PSAT scoring scale to predict your SAT score? In this article, we’ll go over the current PSAT scores range and PSAT score distribution.We'll then compare PSAT score ranges with SAT score ranges before concluding with a list of estimated PSAT score cutoffs for the National Merit Scholarship Program. What Is the PSAT Score Range Overall? For Each Section? The total PSAT scoring scale is320-1520 in 10-point increments.Like the SAT, the PSAT has three major sections: Math, Reading, and Writing and Language (hereafter Writing). Each section is first scored on a scale of 8-38 in one-point increments;these areyourPSATtest scores.These test scores are then converted into section scores on scales of 160-760 in 10-point increments(which combine to give you a total PSAT score out of 1520). To get your Math section score, simply multiply your Math test score by20. To get your Evidence-Based Reading and Writing (EBRW) score, add your Reading and Writing test scorestogether and then multiply the sumby 10. There are also subscores and cross-test scores,which measure your mastery of specific skills and knowledge on each section. Subscores are scored on scales of 1-15 and encompassthe following seven areas: EBRW Command of Evidence Words in Context Expression of Ideas Standard English Conventions Math Heart of Algebra Problem Solving and Data Analysis Passport to Advanced Math Cross-test scores are a little different in that they apply to all PSAT sections and use scoring scales of8-38.The two cross-test scores are as follows: Analysis in History/Social Studies Analysis in Science Finally, you’ll geta Selection Indexwith a score range of 48-228.To calculate this score, multiply the sum of your three PSAT test scores by2. The Selection Index score isused solely to determine your eligibility for National Merit distinction (we’ll explain this in more detail later). Hereis a table showcasing thecurrent PSAT score rangeas well as the score ranges for each PSAT section, subscore, and cross-test score: PSAT Score Range PSAT Section Score Range Evidence-Based Reading and Writing (EBRW) 160-760 Reading 8-38 Writing and Language 8-38 Command of Evidence 1-15 Words in Context 1-15 Expression of Ideas 1-15 Standard English Conventions 1-15 Math 160-760 Math (Test Score) 8-38 Heart of Algebra 1-15 Problem Solving and Data Analysis 1-15 Passport to Advanced Math 1-15 TOTAL (EBRW + Math) 320-1520 Cross-Test Scores* - Analysis in History/Social Studies 8-38 Analysis in Science 8-38 Selection Index 48-228 Source: PSAT/NMSQT Understanding Scores 2018 *Cross-test scores are for all sections of the PSAT. Before October 2015 (and the introduction of the redesigned SAT in 2016), the PSAT looked quite differentthan it does now. Back then, the PSAT scores range was 60-240,the Critical Reading and Writing scores didnot combine for a total EBRW score, and test takers received neither subscores nor cross-test scores. To help you better visualize these differences, hereis an overview of the old (pre-2015) PSAT scores range: Old (Pre-2015) PSAT Score Range PSAT Section Score Range Critical Reading 20-80 Math 20-80 Writing 20-80 TOTAL (All Sections) 60-240 Source: PSAT/NMSQT Understanding Scores 2015 The old PSAT has made way for the new PSAT to shine. PSAT Score Distribution The PSAT scores scale makes it so that most test takers score around 920 (the halfway point between 320 and 1520). And the data backs this up: the average PSAT scores are934 for 10th graders and 1014 for 11th graders. This pattern in scoring creates a bell curve on which most PSAT takers score around the middle of the PSAT scoring scale and veryfew score at the lowest and highest ends of the scale: Now, let's look at thePSAT score distribution using percentiles. These percentiles will tell us what percentage of test takers you scored higher than on the PSAT. In general, a score in the 75th percentile or higher means you’re doing well, a score in the 50th percentile means you’re about average, and a score in the 25th percentile or lower means you have some room for improvement. Below is a condensedlistof the mostrecent PSAT percentiles for 11th graders.For more info onPSATpercentiles for 10th graders, read our article on good PSAT scores for sophomores. PSAT Percentile EBRW Math TOTAL 99 or 99+ 730-760 750-760 1460-1520 90 650-660* 640 1280 75 590* 570 1150 50 510* 490-500* 1000-1010* 25 430 430* 860-870* 10 370 380 760 1 or 1- 160-300 160-300 320-640 Source: PSAT/NMSQT Understanding Scores 2018 *Estimated score or score range (exact score for designated percentile unavailable). In 2018, approximately 1.6 million juniorstook the PSAT.The data above tells us thatthe top 1% of test takers- about 16,000 juniors- scored between 1460 and 1520.Contrary to what many believe, youdo notneed aperfect PSAT score to get into the99th percentile. In fact, you can miss up to 60 pointsand still getin the top 1%! Likewise, very few test takers scored at the lowest end of the PSAT spectrum:only 16,000 or so juniors scored 640 or lower.In other words, your chance of scoring below 640 is quite rare, as 99% of test takers score above this range. But what about the percentiles for individual sections?As you probably noticed, the score ranges for the 99th percentiles for EBRW and Math are not the same. For EBRW, ascore as low as 730 guarantees you aspot in the99th percentile. For Math, on the other hand, you must score at least 750- a near-perfect score! This discrepancy between thePSAT score ranges for the sections indicates thatMath is slightly more competitive than EBRW is,as more people receive high scores on Math than they do on EBRW. So if you want to get 99th percentile scores on Math and EBRW, you’ll have to work a little bit harder on Math than you will on EBRW. On the opposite end of the percentile scale, EBRW and Math maintain identicalscore ranges: any score below 300 falls in the 1st percentile for both EBRW and Math.Once again, though, very few students actually score in this range, so you’re more likely to get above 300 on both sections. Cupcake distribution: 99% for me, 1% for you. SAT vs PSAT Score Range: Is There a Correlation? We've covered the basics ofPSAT score distribution, so let's address another question: how does the PSAT score range compare with the SAT score range?Although the PSAT and SAT share several striking similarities, their score ranges are more like siblings than they are twins. Here is a side-by-side comparison of the current SAT and PSAT score ranges: Section PSAT Score Range SAT Score Range Evidence-Based Reading and Writing (EBRW) 160-760 200-800 Reading 8-38 10-40 Writing and Language 8-38 10-40 Command of Evidence 1-15 1-15 Words in Context 1-15 1-15 Expression of Ideas 1-15 1-15 Standard English Conventions 1-15 1-15 Math 160-760 200-800 Math (Test Score) 8-38 - Heart of Algebra 1-15 1-15 Problem Solving and Data Analysis 1-15 1-15 Passport to Advanced Math 1-15 1-15 TOTAL (EBRW + Math) 320-1520 400-1600 Essay* - 2-8 | 2-8 | 2-8 Reading - 2-8 Analysis - 2-8 Writing - 2-8 Cross-Test Scores - - Analysis in History/Social Studies 8-38 10-40 Analysis in Science 8-38 10-40 Selection Index 48-228 - Source: The College Board *There is no Essay section on the PSAT, but there is an optional Essay on the SAT. Note that the Essay score does not factor into your composite SAT score. At a glance, the two tests look as though they mirror each other, but in reality the PSAT and SAT differ in a fewkey ways. According to the table, the maximum PSAT score is 1520 and the maximum SAT score is 1600. But if the two tests are so similar in terms of form and content, why does the PSAT score scale only go up to 1520 and not 1600? Thisdifference in maximum scoresis due to thetwo tests' differences in difficulty.Because the PSAT is a preliminary to the SAT, it has fewer questions and is overall less challenging than the SAT. As a result, the PSAT score rangedoesn't reach as high as the SAT score range does. But wouldn't a 1520 on the PSAT simply correspond to a 1600 on the SAT? Nope! Even though both scores are the two tests' respective maximums, a 1520 on the PSAT is not the same as a 1600 on the SAT; rather, a 1520 on the PSAT is the same as a 1520 on the SAT. This pattern applies not justto the maximum scores but to all possible PSAT scores. For example, a1050 on the PSAT equals a 1050 on the SAT, a 1300 equals a 1300, a 1280 equals a 1280, and so on.In other words, scaled PSAT and SAT scores always signify the same level of ability. The reason for this is thatyour PSAT score ismeant to be a direct indicatorof your SAT score. If I scored 1170 on the PSAT, then- at that exact point in time and without any additional studying- I should also be scoringaround 1170 on the SAT. The PSAT essentially acts as acrystal ball, revealing the level ofyour current (and possibly future) SAT ability. Unfortunately, the PSAT doesn'temit bright, magical lights like a Magic 8 Ball does. (bark/Flickr) What Is the PSAT Score Range for National Merit Scholarships? As I mentioned briefly at the beginning of this article, high PSAT scorers (who are juniors) might qualify asSemifinalists for the National Merit Scholarship Program.This competitionis a big deal in the academic world. Not only does the program look great on college applications, but it also hands outa$2,500scholarship to every winner! Sowhat PSAT scores do you need to qualify? The National Merit Scholarship Corporation (NMSC) uses Selection Index scores to determine which students are eligible for scholarship consideration. Each year,the top 3-4% of test takers become Commended Students, and the top 1% proceed as Semifinalists.This works out to around16,000 Semifinalists, of whom 15,000 will move on and become Finalists. (And of that 15,000, about 8,000 will eventually win scholarship money.) But here's the caveat:the Selection Index score you need in order to qualify as a Semifinalist varies by state.Below are theestimated cutoff scoresneededto qualify as a Semifinalist in each state. Beside each Selection Index score is an estimated total PSAT score cutoff. I calculated these estimated PSAT score cutoffs by working backward. First, I divided each state's Selection Index by 2. Then, I divided the quotientby 3 to get (estimated) PSAT test scores for Math, Reading, and Writing. Next, I converted each test score into a section score. Finally, I combined the EBRW and Math section scores to get an approximate PSAT score for each Selection Index cutoff. State Selection Index Cutoff PSAT Score Cutoff Alabama 216 1440 Alaska 215 1440 Arizona 220 1470 Arkansas 214 1430 California 223 1490 Colorado 221 1480 Connecticut 222 1480 Delaware 222 1480 District of Columbia 223 1490 Florida 219 1460 Georgia 220 1470 Hawaii 220 1470 Idaho 214 1430 Illinois 221 1480 Indiana 219 1460 Iowa 216 1440 Kansas 218 1460 Kentucky 218 1460 Louisiana 217 1450 Maine 217 1450 Maryland 223 1490 Massachusetts 223 1490 Michigan 219 1460 Minnesota 220 1470 Mississippi 215 1440 Missouri 217 1450 Montana 214 1430 Nebraska 216 1440 Nevada 218 1460 New Hampshire 219 1460 New Jersey 223 1490 New Mexico 215 1440 New York 221 1480 North Carolina 220 1470 North Dakota 212 1410 Ohio 219 1460 Oklahoma 215 1440 Oregon 221 1480 Pennsylvania 220 1470 Rhode Island 220 1470 South Carolina 216 1440 South Dakota 215 1440 Tennessee 219 1460 Texas 221 1480 Utah 215 1440 Vermont 216 1440 Virginia 222 1480 Washington 222 1480 West Virginia 212 1410 Wisconsin 216 1440 Wyoming 212 1410 AVERAGE 218 1460 As you can see, the PSAT score required to be a Semifinalist can vary significantly bystate. In North Dakota, West Virginia, and Wyoming you can become a Semifinalist with a score of about1410. But in California, Maryland, New Jersey, and Washington, DC, you’ll need a far higher score of around 1490- that’s an 80-point difference! Luckily, in no state do you need a perfect PSAT score to qualify as a Semifinalist.In fact, in all states you can miss at least 30 points and still qualify for National Merit! But what scores should you aim for on each PSAT section? To calculate your individual section goal scores, divide your state’s Selection Index cutoff by 2 and then again by 3.This number will act as your approximate goal score for Reading, Writing, and Math. (Note that it will be a test score out of 38 and not a section score out of 760.) For example, if you lived in New Mexico, your Selection Index cutoff would be 215. Using thisscore, do the math as described above to get your goal (test) score for each section on the PSAT: 215 / 2 = 107.5 107.5 / 3 = 35.83 35.83= 36 (Always round up!) Of courseyou don’t need to aim for the exact same score on each section.If you’re stronger at Reading and Writing than you are at Math, you could instead aim for 38 on both the Reading and Writing sections and 32-33 on the Math section. This combination will still get you a Selection Index score of 215 (just do the math to check it!). Ultimately, if you plan to strivefor National Merit status, it's important to know the cutoff score for your state.Always aim, at a minimum, for your state's cutoff score,though I suggest aiming a little higher if possible. Doing this will give you a solid buffer should thecutoff score for your state go up a little the year you take the PSAT. If you don't meet the PSAT score cutoff, you can't ride the roller coaster to Free Money Land. Takeaways for the PSAT Score Range The PSAT score range is 320-1520 in 10-point increments.This composite range includes two score ranges of 160-760 for EBRW and Math. In terms of test scores, Reading, Writing, and Math are all scored separately on scales of 8-38.You'll also receivesubscores with ranges of 1-15 and cross-test scores with ranges of 8-38. In regard to PSAT score distribution, most test takers score at or around 920,the halfway point between the minimum and maximum scores. As recent percentiles show,Mathis slightly more competitive thanEBRWsince youneed a higher Math score to get into the 99th percentile than you do to get into the same percentile for EBRW. PSAT and SAT scores are analogous, meaning thata scaled score on the PSAT will always equal that same scaled score on the SAT.Therefore, you canuse your PSAT score to get a rough idea of how your SAT performance might look. ThePSAT also assigns each test takera Selection Index score on a scale of 48-228.This is the score used to determine your eligibility for National Merit consideration. Each state maintains a different Selection Index cutoff score,with the lowest being 212 and the highest being 223. To ensure you have thebest shot at winning a scholarship, try to aim for your state's cutoff score- ideally, even higher! What’s Next? Got more questions about the PSAT scoring system? Our guide to PSAT scoring explains how PSAT scores are calculated, and gives you tips onhow you can use thisinfo to your advantage on test day. Confused about what's tested on the PSAT?Get the rundown with our guides to what the PSAT is and what you should know about its structure and question types. Want to know exactly when you'll take the PSAT?Our guide to PSAT test dateswill give you info onwhen the next PSAT will be, where you'll take it, and what you can do to prepare for it. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by 4 points?We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

Accounting for Strategic Decision-Making Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Accounting for Strategic Decision-Making - Essay Example First, the research paper has used multiple methods, which are combined together such as the four methodological approaches. This gives better results to the report. Secondly, the paper raises the issue of supply management area, which often concerns the implementation steps to facilitate concurrent engineering, which is not raised nor discussed in the previous accounting literatures. Third, â€Å"the allocation of target costs to the detailed component level should be performed by multidisciplinary teams in the U.S based target costing compared to the previous research on the target costing practices of the Asians firms† (Ellram 15). This stresses that target costing allocation is an individual duty. Fourth, all teams work together in U.S based target costing to resolve tensions that are created by the market pressures in conjunction with the supplier to achieve the target cost. Fifth, it illustrates that U.S target costing has very close working relationship between the supp ly management and design engineering. This impacts directly on a product or service’s capacity to meet their target costs. This relationship is absent in other targets costing such as the Asians. Sixth, the paper discusses how the target selling price can be established through customer negotiations which are not addressed in the previous target costing research. Lastly, it shows that the supply in U.S costing method plays a major role in product development which is not clearly stated in other costing methods. On the other hand, on weaknesses, it fails to discuss what affects the products success in U.S target costing method, whether it is the products higher prices or the markets readiness. It has also not specified the theoretical target costing time frame for each of the steps in the implementation process. Another weakness is that it shows the same way of determining the product cost which is just the same with

How will The London 2012 Olympic Games affect the U.K. economy Essay

How will The London 2012 Olympic Games affect the U.K. economy - Essay Example The United Kingdom economy has been among the best performing economies in the world for a long time. During the period that lasted from 1990 to 2008, the U.K. economy comfortably managed a 2.3% GDP growth factor. However, in recent times, the economic state of the United Kingdom has been performing poorly (House of Commons, 2009:33). This has elicited doubt among critics that the economy may be taking a down ward turn, and that the United Kingdom may be facing imminent recession. Recent research has revealed that the United Kingdom did not manage to gain substantial growth in 2011. Records collected from the research show that the U.K. financial system only managed a skimpy 0.8% development in 2011. In calculation, the main reason behind the growth was the 0.2% plunge that happened towards the end of the year (Fussey, 2011: 79). This has driven researchers to scheme a very small band of escalation to happen in 2012, amounting to about 0.4%. The analysts forecast that the financial s ystem will undergo a double decline before it starts budding back to its former circumstances. However, the wealth faces a latent growth aid in the form of the 2012 Olympics. London is set to host the 2012 Olympic Games, an event that possesses the potential to favor the U.K. economy greatly, and on an optimistic note in terms of direct and indirect revenue (House of Commons, 2009:47).... The battle took place at the crest of a mountain that shadowed a gorge in the southwestern region of Greece. Zeus managed to conquer over his father in the battle. As a result, the Greece citizens put up a shrine and built an enormous statuette in the gorge in a bid o honor him. The name of the gorge was Olympia. Soon after, the citizens began conducting religious ceremonies with the main agenda being the reverent worship and adoration of Zeus. This was in an attempt to try to gain Zeus’ famed strength and athletic capabilities. Folklore has it that these ceremonies led to the idea of starting the Olympic Games. Though the actual date when the first Olympic event took place is still in doubt, the first recorded event took place in 776 BC. The games consisted of only one occasion, the 190-meter race, which a chef, Coroebus, won. This marked the initial Olympiad. The Olympiad was the name given to the four-year duration by which the Greek citizens traced their history (Guttman, 2003:198). As time went by, athletic contests gained so much significance to the Greek people that the occasions now tended to influence a peaceful nature on the military states. For example, Sparta was famous for its strict military rule and intensive battle training of its population. It reached a point where the Sparta administration would patiently wait for the successful completion of the games’ events before engaging in battle with rival states. Soon after, other cities imitated this unwritten rule. The initial consecutive thirteen games offered only one event, which was the one-stade run (Young, 2004:129). However, as time passed, the then administration gradually